Ku China, linkatchedwa “qi,” chizindikiro cha thanzi. Ku Igupto linkatchedwa “ankh,” chizindikiro cha moyo wosatha. Kwa Afoinike, linkatanthauza Aphrodite—mulungu wamkazi wachikondi ndi kukongola.
Anthu akale amenewa ankanena za mkuwa, chinthu chomwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi yachizindikira kuti ndi chofunikira pa thanzi lathu kwa zaka zoposa 5,000. Pamene matenda a chimfine, mabakiteriya monga E. coli, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga MRSA, kapena ngakhale ma coronavirus agwera pamalo olimba, amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa masiku anayi mpaka asanu. Koma akagwera pa mkuwa, ndi zinthu zina zamkuwa monga mkuwa, amayamba kufa mkati mwa mphindi zochepa ndipo sapezeka mkati mwa maola ambiri.
“Taona mavairasi akungophulika,” akutero Bill Keevil, pulofesa wa chisamaliro cha chilengedwe ku University of Southampton. “Amagwera pa mkuwa ndipo umangowawononga.” Nzosadabwitsa kuti ku India, anthu akhala akumwa makapu amkuwa kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Ngakhale kuno ku United States, mzere wamkuwa umabweretsa madzi anu akumwa. Mkuwa ndi chinthu chachilengedwe, chopanda mphamvu, komanso chopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Umatha kudziphatika wokha pamwamba pake popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kapena bleach.
Mkuwa unakula kwambiri panthawi ya kusintha kwa mafakitale monga chinthu chopangira zinthu, zipangizo, ndi nyumba. Mkuwa ukugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi—msika wa mkuwa ukukula chifukwa chakuti chinthucho ndi chowongolera bwino kwambiri. Koma zinthuzo zachotsedwa pa ntchito zambiri zomanga chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Mapulasitiki, galasi lofewa, aluminiyamu, ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zinthu zamakono—zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zonse kuyambira pa zomangamanga mpaka zinthu za Apple. Zogwirira zitseko zamkuwa ndi zogwirira ntchito zinatha chifukwa akatswiri omanga nyumba ndi opanga mapulani adasankha zinthu zowoneka bwino (ndipo nthawi zambiri zotsika mtengo).
Tsopano Keevil akukhulupirira kuti nthawi yakwana yoti tibweretse mkuwa m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, makamaka m'zipatala. Poyang'anizana ndi tsogolo losapeŵeka lodzaza ndi miliri yapadziko lonse, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa pazachipatala, mayendedwe apagulu, komanso m'nyumba zathu. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kwachedwa kwambiri kuti tiletse COVID-19, sikuli koyambirira kwambiri kuganizira za mliri wathu wotsatira. Ubwino wa mkuwa, wawerengedwa
Tikadayenera kuona kuti zikubwera, ndipo kwenikweni, winawake adaziona.
Mu 1983, wofufuza zachipatala Phyllis J. Kuhn analemba ndemanga yoyamba yokhudza kusowa kwa mkuwa komwe adawona m'zipatala. Pa nthawi yophunzitsa za ukhondo ku Hamot Medical Center ku Pittsburgh, ophunzira adasamba malo osiyanasiyana m'chipatalacho, kuphatikizapo mbale za zimbudzi ndi zolumikizira zitseko. Anazindikira kuti zimbudzi zinali zoyera popanda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pomwe zina mwa zinthuzo zinali zodetsedwa kwambiri ndipo zimamera mabakiteriya oopsa akaloledwa kuchulukana pa mbale za agar.
“Zogwirira zitseko zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso zonyezimira zimawoneka zoyera bwino pakhomo la chipatala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zogwirira zitseko ndi zogwirira zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zimawoneka zodetsedwa komanso zodetsa,” iye analemba panthawiyo. “Koma ngakhale zitadetsedwa, mkuwa—chosakaniza chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi 67% ya mkuwa ndi 33% ya zinc—[chimapha mabakiteriya], pomwe chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri—pafupifupi 88% ya chitsulo ndi 12% ya chromium—sichichita zambiri poletsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya.”
Pomaliza, adamaliza pepala lake ndi mawu osavuta okwanira kuti dongosolo lonse lazaumoyo litsatire. "Ngati chipatala chanu chikukonzedwanso, yesani kusunga zida zakale zamkuwa kapena zibwerezedwenso; ngati muli ndi zida zosapanga dzimbiri, onetsetsani kuti zatsukidwa tsiku lililonse, makamaka m'malo osamalira odwala kwambiri."
Patapita zaka makumi ambiri, ndipo movomerezeka ndi ndalama zochokera ku Copper Development Association (gulu la amalonda a mkuwa), Keevil wapititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wa Kuhn. Pogwira ntchito mu labu yake ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timawopsedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, wasonyeza kuti mkuwa sumangopha mabakiteriya bwino komanso umapha mavairasi.
Mu ntchito ya Keevil, amaviika mbale ya mkuwa mu mowa kuti ayitenthetse. Kenako amaviika mu acetone kuti achotse mafuta aliwonse osakhalapo. Kenako amathira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba pake. Nthawi zina zimakhala zouma. Chitsanzocho chimakhala kwa mphindi zochepa mpaka masiku angapo. Kenako amachigwedeza m'bokosi lodzaza ndi mikanda yagalasi ndi madzi. Mikandayo imachotsa mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi mumadzi, ndipo madziwo amatha kuyesedwa kuti adziwe ngati alipo. Nthawi zina, wapanga njira zama microscopy zomwe zimamulola kuwona—ndi kulemba—tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikuwonongedwa ndi mkuwa nthawi yomweyo ikafika pamwamba pake.
Zotsatira zake zikuwoneka ngati zamatsenga, akutero, koma pakadali pano, zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ndi sayansi yomveka bwino. Kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya akagunda mbale, amadzazidwa ndi ma ayoni amkuwa. Ma ayoni amenewo amalowa m'maselo ndi mavairasi ngati zipolopolo. Mkuwa sumangopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda awa; umawawononga, mpaka ku ma nucleic acid, kapena ma plainti obereketsa, mkati.
“Palibe mwayi woti majini onse asinthe [kapena kusintha kwa zinthu] asinthe chifukwa majini onse akuwonongedwa,” akutero Keevil. “Imeneyo ndi imodzi mwa ubwino weniweni wa mkuwa.” Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa sikubweretsa chiopsezo, mwachitsanzo, chopereka mankhwala opha maantibayotiki mopitirira muyeso. Ndi lingaliro labwino chabe.
Mu mayeso enieni, mkuwa umatsimikizira kufunika kwake Kunja kwa labu, ofufuza ena adafufuza ngati mkuwa umapangitsa kusiyana ukagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zochitika zenizeni zachipatala - zomwe zimaphatikizapo zogwirira zitseko za chipatala, komanso malo monga mabedi a chipatala, mipando ya alendo, komanso malo oimikapo magalimoto. Mu 2015, ofufuza omwe amagwira ntchito pa ndalama zothandizira Dipatimenti Yoteteza anayerekeza kuchuluka kwa matenda m'zipatala zitatu, ndipo adapeza kuti pamene zitsulo zamkuwa zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zipatala zitatu, zinachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda ndi 58%. Kafukufuku wofanana ndi ameneyu unachitika mu 2016 mkati mwa chipinda chosamalira ana odwala kwambiri, chomwe chinasonyeza kuchepa kodabwitsa kwa chiwerengero cha matenda.
Koma bwanji za ndalama? Mkuwa nthawi zonse ndi wokwera mtengo kuposa pulasitiki kapena aluminiyamu, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi njira ina yokwera mtengo m'malo mwa chitsulo. Koma popeza matenda opatsirana m'zipatala akuwonongera dongosolo la chisamaliro chaumoyo ndalama zokwana $45 biliyoni pachaka—osatchulanso kupha anthu okwana 90,000—mtengo wokonzanso mkuwa ndi wochepa poyerekeza ndi mtengo wake.
Keevil, yemwe salandiranso ndalama kuchokera ku makampani opanga mkuwa, akukhulupirira kuti udindo wake ndi wa akatswiri omanga nyumba kusankha mkuwa m'mapulojekiti atsopano omanga. Mkuwa unali woyamba (ndipo mpaka pano ndi womaliza) pamwamba pa chitsulo chopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chovomerezedwa ndi EPA. (Makampani opanga siliva adayesa koma adalephera kunena kuti ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti EPA imulipire chindapusa.) Magulu opanga mkuwa alembetsa zitsulo zopitilira 400 zamkuwa ku EPA mpaka pano. "Tawonetsa kuti mkuwa-nickel ndi wabwino ngati mkuwa popha mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi," akutero. Ndipo nickel yamkuwa siyenera kuwoneka ngati lipenga lakale; silingasiyanitsidwe ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Ponena za nyumba zina zonse padziko lonse lapansi zomwe sizinasinthidwe kuti zichotse zinthu zakale zamkuwa, Keevil ali ndi upangiri: "Musazichotse, chilichonse chomwe mungachite. Izi ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe muli nazo."
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-25-2021