Ku China, amatchedwa "qi," chizindikiro cha thanzi. Ku Igupto ankatchedwa “ankh,” chizindikiro cha moyo wosatha. Kwa Afoinike, malongosoledwewo anali ofanana ndi Aphrodite—mulungu wamkazi wa chikondi ndi kukongola.
Anthu akalewa ankanena za mkuwa, zomwe zikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi zawona kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi lathu kwa zaka zoposa 5,000. Fuluwenza, mabakiteriya monga E. coli, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga MRSA, kapena ma coronaviruses akatera pamalo olimba kwambiri, amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa masiku anayi kapena asanu. Koma zikatera pamkuwa, ndi zitsulo zamkuwa ngati mkuwa, zimayamba kufa m’mphindi zochepa chabe ndipo sizidziŵika m’maola angapo.
"Tawona ma virus akungophulika," atero a Bill Keevil, pulofesa wa zaumoyo ku yunivesite ya Southampton. Amatera pamkuwa ndipo amangowachotsera ulemu.” N’zosadabwitsa kuti ku India, anthu akhala akumwera makapu amkuwa kwa zaka zambiri. Ngakhale kuno ku United States, mzere wamkuwa umabweretsa madzi anu akumwa. Mkuwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, zopanda pake, zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ikhoza kudziletsa yokha pamwamba pake popanda kufunikira kwa magetsi kapena bulichi.
Copper idakula panthawi ya Revolution Revolution ngati chinthu chopangira zinthu, zida, ndi nyumba. Mkuwa umagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri pamakina amagetsi - msika wamkuwa ukukulirakulira chifukwa zinthu zake ndizomwe zimayendetsa bwino. Koma zidazo zidakankhidwira kunja kwa ntchito zambiri zomanga ndi zida zatsopano zazaka za zana la 20. Pulasitiki, magalasi otenthedwa, aluminiyamu, ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zinthu zamakono—zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa chilichonse kuyambira zomangamanga mpaka zopangidwa ndi Apple. Nsonga za zitseko zamkuwa ndi zolembera zapamanja zidachoka mwadongosolo pomwe omanga ndi okonza amasankha zida zowoneka bwino (komanso zotsika mtengo).
Tsopano Keevil akukhulupirira kuti ndi nthawi yoti abweretse mkuwa m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, makamaka zipatala. Poyang'anizana ndi tsogolo losapeŵeka lodzaza ndi miliri yapadziko lonse lapansi, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa pazachipatala, paulendo wapagulu, komanso nyumba zathu. Ndipo ngakhale kwachedwa kwambiri kuyimitsa COVID-19, sikunayambike kuganizira za mliri wathu wotsatira. Ubwino wamkuwa, wowerengeka
Tikadayenera kuziwona zikubwera, ndipo kunena zoona, wina adaziwona.
Mu 1983, wofufuza zachipatala Phyllis J. Kuhn analemba kutsutsa koyamba kwa kutha kwa mkuwa komwe adawona m'zipatala. Pamsonkhano wophunzitsa zaukhondo ku Hamot Medical Center ku Pittsburgh, ophunzira adasokoneza malo osiyanasiyana mozungulira chipatalacho, kuphatikiza mbale zachimbudzi ndi zitseko zapakhomo. Adawona kuti zimbudzizo zinali zoyera ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, pomwe zina zidali zonyansa kwambiri ndipo zidakula mabakiteriya owopsa akaloledwa kuchulukana pama mbale a agar.
“Zitseko zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zowoneka bwino komanso zonyezimira komanso mbale zokankhira zimawoneka zoyera pachitseko chachipatala. Mosiyana ndi izi, zitseko ndi mbale zokankhira zamkuwa wodetsedwa zimawoneka zauve komanso zodetsa, "adalemba motero panthawiyo. Koma ngakhale itaipitsidwa, mkuwa—aloyi wa 67% wamkuwa ndi 33% ya zinki—[umapha mabakiteriya], pamene chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri—pafupifupi 88% ya iron ndi 12% chromium—silepheretsa kukula kwa bakiteriya.”
Pamapeto pake, adakulunga pepala lake ndi mawu osavuta kuti dongosolo lonse lazaumoyo litsatire. “Ngati chipatala chanu chikukonzedwanso, yesani kusunga zida zakale zamkuwa kapena bwerezani; ngati muli ndi zida zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, onetsetsani kuti zili ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo tsiku lililonse, makamaka m’malo opezeka anthu ovulala kwambiri.”
Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, ndipo movomerezeka ndi ndalama zochokera ku Copper Development Association (gulu lazamalonda lamkuwa), Keevil adakankhiranso kafukufuku wa Kuhn. Pogwira ntchito mu labu yake ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe timawopa kwambiri padziko lapansi, wasonyeza kuti mkuwa umapha mabakiteriya bwino; imaphanso ma virus.
Mu ntchito ya Keevil, amaviika mbale yamkuwa mu mowa kuti asungunuke. Kenako amathira mu acetone kuti achotse mafuta aliwonse akunja. Kenako amagwetsera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba. Mu mphindi ndi youma. Chitsanzocho chimakhala paliponse kuyambira mphindi zingapo mpaka masiku angapo. Kenako amachigwedeza m’bokosi lodzaza mikanda yagalasi ndi madzi. Mikandayo imachotsa mabakiteriya ndi ma virus mumadzimadzi, ndipo madziwo amatha kuyesedwa kuti azindikire kukhalapo kwawo. Nthawi zina, adapanga njira zowonera ma microscopy zomwe zimamupangitsa kuyang'ana - ndikulemba - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timawononga ndi mkuwa patangofika pamwamba.
Zotsatira zake zimawoneka ngati matsenga, akutero, koma pakadali pano, zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ndi sayansi yomveka bwino. Kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya akagunda mbaleyo, imadzaza ndi ayoni amkuwa. Ma ion amalowa m'maselo ndi ma virus ngati zipolopolo. Mkuwa sumangopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; izo zimawawononga iwo, mpaka ku nucleic acid, kapena mapulani obala, mkati.
Keevil anati: “Palibe mwayi woti zinthu zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina chifukwa chakuti majini onse akuwonongeka. “Umenewu ndi umodzi mwaubwino weniweni wamkuwa.” Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa sikumabwera ndi chiopsezo, kunena, kupereka mankhwala opha tizilombo. Ndi lingaliro labwino chabe.
Poyesa zenizeni padziko lapansi, mkuwa umatsimikizira kuti ndi wofunika Kunja kwa labu, ofufuza ena adawona ngati mkuwa umapangitsa kusiyana akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zochitika zenizeni zachipatala - zomwe zimaphatikizapo zitseko zachipatala, komanso malo ngati mabedi azachipatala, alendo- M'chaka cha 2015, ofufuza omwe amagwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo anayerekezera kuchuluka kwa matenda m'zipatala zitatu, ndipo anapeza kuti pamene ma alloys amkuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo atatu. zipatala, idachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda ndi 58%. Kafukufuku wofananawo adachitika mu 2016 mkati mwachipinda chosamalira ana, chomwe chidawonetsa kutsika kochititsa chidwi kwachiwopsezo cha matenda.
Koma bwanji za ndalama? Copper nthawi zonse imakhala yokwera mtengo kuposa pulasitiki kapena aluminiyamu, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo kuposa chitsulo. Koma poganizira kuti matenda opatsirana m'chipatala akuwononga ndalama zokwana madola 45 biliyoni pachaka - osatchula kupha anthu okwana 90,000 - mtengo wokwezera mkuwa ndi wochepa poyerekezera.
Keevil, yemwe sakulandiranso ndalama kuchokera kumakampani amkuwa, amakhulupirira kuti udindowu umakhala kwa omanga nyumba kuti asankhe mkuwa muzomangamanga zatsopano. Mkuwa unali woyamba (ndipo mpaka pano ndi wotsiriza) antimicrobial zitsulo pamwamba ovomerezedwa ndi EPA. (Makampani mumakampani a siliva adayesa ndipo adalephera kunena kuti ndi antimicrobial, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chindapusa cha EPA.) Magulu amakampani amkuwa adalembetsa zopitilira 400 zamkuwa ndi EPA mpaka pano. "Ife tawonetsa copper-nickel ndi yabwino ngati mkuwa kupha mabakiteriya ndi ma virus," akutero. Ndipo faifi tambala wamkuwa samasowa kuti aziwoneka ngati lipenga lachikale; sichidziwika ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Ponena za nyumba zonse zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizinasinthidwe kuti zichotse zida zakale zamkuwa, Keevil ali ndi malangizo akuti: “Musawachotse, chilichonse chomwe mungachite. Izi ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe muli nazo. "
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-25-2021